Are patents strategic barriers to entry?

Article Abstract:

A patent does not prevent entry but certainly restricts it, forcing potential entrants to differentiate their technology substantially. The paper studies whether the patent holder can deter competition in case of low demand and also in cases of high demand when the act of patent renewal signals barrier to entry of competition. The study concentrates its focus on process innovation, which accounts for 25% of the total investment on research.

Licenses, Patents & Trademarks, Usage, Intellectual property, Patent extensions

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Competition, matching, and geographical clustering at early stages of the industry life cycle

Article Abstract:

Firms undergoing the early stages of their evolution tend to cluster within industries, which is caused by the matching-based centripetal force. The centrifugal force preventing spatial concentration is examined and the conditions, which determine the relative strength of each force, are explored.

Engineering Services, Engineering for Plastic, Rubber Prodcts, Engineering firms, Business cycles

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Specialist: the firm or the individual? Empirical evidence from the options markets

Article Abstract:

The significance of options specialists, to increase transparency in options market, is examined.

Options (Finance), Market makers (Securities trading)

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