Estimating urban residential demand for water under alternative price measures

Article Abstract:

Using the Ramsey specification error test on 20 demand specifications, it was determined that marginal prices for urban centers' water supplies best reflect changes in 15 residential water demand price elasticities. The use of average revenue prices may result in simultaneity-based errors. The demand for water in city centers is shown to be relatively inelastic with respect to pricing, although pricing policies are more likely to affect water demand for cities in the western and eastern United States, than cities in the South and the Midwest. Temperature and rainfall patterns affect the demand for water supplies by cities in the East, the West and the South (whereas income levels are demonstrated to have little effect on these regions' water demand), and for cities in the Midwest, income levels affect consumption of water and rainfall and temperature have little effect.

Supply and demand, Distribution, Water, Water-supply, Water supply, Water consumption, Water distribution, Municipal water supply

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Technical progress in urban manufacturing: north-south comparisons

Article Abstract:

The technical progress in urban manufacturing for a sample of Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) from 1958 to 1978 is measured and analyzed. Rates of change in technical progress are compared across urban and regional areas. Northern and southern SMSAs are compared for total factor productivity for the purpose of explaining the migration of jobs and geographic shifts in economic activity. The total factor productivity for all SMSAs increased between .63 and 1.64 percent annually, due primarily to increased labor efficiency. The higher growth rate for the southern SMSAs is attributed to substantial increases in labor inputs. The worst sub-periods of productivity growth were 1966-1969 and 1974-1978, which were attributed to recessions.

Economic aspects, United States economic conditions, Regional economics, North and south, North and south (United States)

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Urban spatial structure and productivity growth in the manufacturing sector of cities

Article Abstract:

The productivity growth in the manufacturing sector of 13 large metropolitan areas is examined for the years 1957 to 1977. The contribution of agglomeration economies to productivity growth is identified using a total factor productivity methodology. The role of urban spatial structure in productivity growth is given special attention. The results support the importance of agglomeration economies to productivity. The results also indicate that the spatial arrangement of economic activity within metropolitan areas, as well as optimal population size, are important to the efficiency of cities.

Cities and towns

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