Free riders and distortionary zoning by local communities

Article Abstract:

The distortionary effects of zoning policies that regulate the consumption of housing were analyzed by examining community motivation for implementing zoning policies. Communities' use of minimum lot size zoning to prevent new entrants to the community from obtaining a free ride in the consumption of local public services was examined. The property tax assessment methods that were studied were uniform rate assessment and purchase price assessment for current residents. The incentives faced by new entrants to the community were also evaluated. The analysis indicated that zoning was distortionary because legal and practical factors prevented communities from controlling all of the inputs into housing production. Zoning was distortionary in that even neutral zoning required lot sizes to be larger than average.

Laws, regulations and rules, Housing, Housing research, Community organization

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Zoning uncertainty and the urban land development firm

Article Abstract:

Urban land development companies operate in an uncertain environment because of the built-in risk of demand changes and because of difficulty in predicting site plan approval and other locally-based planning controls. The production and inventory decisions of an urban land development company are analyzed for a two-period framework. A major conclusion based on the model used is that the company's actions in a certain period effectively prevent its future production at the myopic optimum or single period rate. Other major conclusions stem from the comparative static results of interest rates and prices. It is shown that zoning uncertainty results in a tendency for the price of developed land to increase, even when the price of reserve land is steady and there is no external increase in demand.

Real estate development, Metropolitan areas, Urban land use, Zoning

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Zoning, TDRs and the density of development

Article Abstract:

Implications of low density zoning rules of the United States on subdivision density are examined. Influence of market factors is also studied. Data on subdivisions in Calvert County of Maryland is used in the analysis.

Forecasts, trends, outlooks, Science & research, Administration of Urban Planning and Community and Rural Development, Maryland, Labor Distribution by Employer, Urban Planning Assistance, Forecasts and trends, Statistics, Market trend/market analysis, City planning, Urban planning, Land subdivision

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