Bone marrow, cytokines, and bone remodeling: emerging insights into the pathophysiology of osteoporosis

Article Abstract:

The progression of osteoporosis has become better understood as the role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone regeneration have become less mysterious. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts are cells that originate in bone marrow and aid in bone regeneration. Both need the same progenitors and must be in the presence of one another to carry out their roles in regenerating bone. Osteoclasts need interleukin-6 and interleukin-11, among other things, to form. Both of these interlukins are regulated by sex steroids. Changes in gonadal function, which affect these steroids, eventually affect the formation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This change in formation leads to an unbalanced number of each of these cells being formed, and osteoblasts and osteoclasts stop working together to regenerate bone.

Interleukins, Osteoblasts, Steroid hormones

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Effect of testosterone and estradiol in a man with aromatase deficiency

Article Abstract:

The case of a man with excessive growth illustrates the role that estrogen plays in bone maturation. He continued to grow after the age of 18 and by the age of 31, his height was in the 97th percentile. At that time he was evaluated for persistent growth, infertility and bone pain. X-rays revealed that his bones had not matured and continued to grow. His testosterone concentration was normal and his condition was unchanged by six months of testosterone treatment. Genetic analysis revealed a mutation in the gene for cytochrome P-450 aromatase. When his height exceeded the 97th percentile he was treated with estrogen, which caused his bones to mature.

Gene mutations, Gene mutation, Genetic aspects, Growth disorders, Estradiol, Cytochrome P-450

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Bone loss and bone size after menopause

Article Abstract:

The bones of postmenopausal women may get bigger over time, which may compensate for the loss of bone. This was the conclusion of a study of 108 women who were followed for an average of 15 years after menopause. This means that the risk of bone fracture depends on bone size as well as bone mineral content.

Body size, Body weights and measures, Postmenopausal women, Company growth

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