Characteristics and determinants of postpartum ovarian function in women in the United States

Article Abstract:

The duration and frequency of breast-feeding are associated with decreased ovarian functioning and increased protection against pregnancy. In a study of 60 women who were breast-feeding their infants and 22 women who were not, the women who breast-fed did not ovulate for an average of 189 days. The women who were not breast-feeding averaged 45 days before ovulating. First-morning urine samples were collected daily by the women. These were analyzed to determine if the products of the metabolism of various hormones were present. The hormone levels were used to determine if ovulation had occurred and when. Participants also completed weekly questionnaires on vaginal bleeding and the breast-feeding mothers kept daily logs of their children's feeding schedules. Bottle feeding significantly increased the risk of ovulation in breast-feeding women. This association was not found with other supplemental feedings.

Physiological aspects, Breast feeding, Contraception, Ovulation, Amenorrhea, Lactation, Lactation amenorrhea

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Timing of conception and the risk of spontaneous abortion among pregnancies occurring during the use of natural family planning

Article Abstract:

The use of natural family planning to time conception may not be associated with an increased risk of miscarriages in most women. However, women using natural family planning who have a history of miscarriage may miscarry when pregnancies are conceived at a suboptimal time in the menstrual cycle. Researchers studied 868 pregnancies where the parents used natural family planning to time intercourse leading to conception. Eighty percent of the women did not have a history of miscarriage, and the rate of miscarriage among these women was a low 10%. Women who had miscarried before experienced a 22.6% rate of miscarriage if they did not conceive at the optimal time in the menstrual cycle. Optimal timing of conception may lead to more successful pregnancies.

Health aspects, Natural family planning

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Infertility and early pregnancy loss

Article Abstract:

Women with fertility problems may experience fewer conceptions and more early pregnancy losses. Researchers analyzed daily urine specimens from 124 women who worked in semiconductor manufacturing. The rate of early pregnancy loss was 70% among women who had problems with fertility before or during the study. Infertility was defined as failing to conceive after 12 months of unprotected intercourse. Women who did not have fertility problems had a pregnancy rate of 17% and an early pregnancy loss rate of 21%. Fertility decreased and early pregnancy loss increased with advancing age. Among women who were subfertile, the pregnancy loss rate remained high even with the use of ovulation-inducing drugs such as clomiphene.

Complications and side effects, Infertility, Female, Female infertility

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