Effects of temperature and snowfall on mortality in Pennsylvania

Article Abstract:

Total mortality was greater on days when climatic conditions were extreme, that is, snowfall greater then 3 cm with temperature below 7 degree below zero, Celsius, according to a study of effects of snowfall and low temperature on mortality in Pennsylvania. Exposure to cold and snow may be a hazard for men as young as 35. The effects were studied retrospectively using data on deaths in January in the years 1991-96. Mortality due to ischemic heart diseases tripled in males 35-49 years of age on days when conditions were extreme vs milder days. For men in older age brackets also mortality was higher on the more wintry days. In females mortality for respiratory causes and for cerebrovascular causes for those 65 and older went up.

Pennsylvania, Psychological aspects, Mortality, Risk factors, Environmental aspects, Heart diseases, Weather, Cerebrovascular disease, Cerebrovascular disorders, Respiratory tract diseases

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Neural tube defects along the Texas-Mexico border, 1993-1995

Article Abstract:

Incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs) has been studied along the Texas-Mexico border between 1993 and 1995. NTD-affected pregnancies were identified at all gestational ages using active surveillance of multiple case-ascertainment sources. The findings showed 96 cases of spina bifida, 87 cases of anencephaly, and 14 cases of encephalocele giving 71, 6.4, and 1.1 cases per 10, 000 live births. Overall the NTD rate was at 14.6/10,000 live births, 14.9 for Hispanics and 10.6 for Anglos. For El Paso County, the NTD rate was significantly lower than for the rest of the border area. NTD rates for Mexico-born Hispanic women were significantly higher than those for US-born Hispanic women.

Mexico, Texas, Health aspects, Abnormalities, Demographic aspects, Birth defects, Neural tube, Neural tube defects, Spina bifida, Mexican American children, Anencephaly

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Implications of a new dietary measurement error model for estimation of relative risk: application to four calibration studies

Article Abstract:

Implications of a new dietary measurement error model which can be used for estimation of relative risk are considered relative to its application to four calibration studies. Results show that without information on the extent of person-specific biases in reference instruments and their relation to biases in food frequency questionnaires (FFQs), adequacy of standard methods for correcting relative risks for measurement error is suspect. So is interpretation of negative findings from nutritional epidemiology, for example detection of no important relationship between breast cancer and fat intake.

Statistical Data Included, Research, Evaluation, Measurement, Diseases, Statistics, Dietary fat, Food habits, Health surveys, Error analysis (Mathematics), Epidemiological research, Cross sectional studies, Experimental design, Research design, Questionnaires, Etiology (Medicine), Error analysis

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