The antiestrogenic effect of cigarette smoking in women

Article Abstract:

Cigarette smoking can be harmful not only to tissue that comes into direct contact with smoke, but also to the tissue in the esophagus, kidneys and bladder, from swallowing or absorbing smoke. Infertility, certain types of heart disease and cancer of the pancreas are higher among smokers. Women who smoke have less estrogen, the female hormone produced in the ovaries. A lack of estrogen is associated with osteoporosis, a condition affecting the density of bone. At the same time, a lack of estrogen can protect women from endometrial cancer, cancer of the cells lining the uterus. The effect of smoking on estrogen was reviewed. Endometrial cancer and some cancers of the breast are dependent on estrogen. A review of the research studying the role of smoking in the development of breast cancer shows the risk of breast cancer does not appear to be affected by smoking. The anti-estrogen effect of smoking does, however, seem to decrease the risk of endometrial cancer. Menopause appears earlier in women who smoke. The risk of some noncancerous conditions such as uterine fibroids (benign tumors), endometriosis (a painful condition causing cells lining the uterus to appear elsewhere in the body), vomiting during pregnancy, and fibrocystic breast disease (benign breast condition) are reduced in women who smoke. Irregular menstrual cycles and menstrual symptoms are aggravated by smoking. Women who smoke seem to not have a significantly higher risk for fractures caused by decreased bone density as a result of osteoporosis. The mechanism is not clearly understood, but different effects are thought to be relevant at different ages. Although smoking can be protect some women from endometrial cancer, the overall effect of smoking is harmful. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Causes of, Cancer, Estrogen, Estrogens, Smoking and women, Women smokers

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Secretory component of immunoglobulin A in maternal serum and the prediction of preterm delivery

Article Abstract:

The blood level of the secretory component of immunoglobulin A (sIgA) does not appear to predict early delivery in women pregnant with their first child. Prediction of preterm delivery is difficult in women who have not previously given birth. Researchers measured serum sIgA levels in 1,511 women, and found that levels were similar throughout pregnancy in women who delivered at-term and those who delivered preterm.

Risk factors, Pregnancy, Premature birth, Immunoglobulin A

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The relationship of smoking, preeclampsia, and secretory component

Article Abstract:

Pregnant women who smoke have higher levels of secretory component than non-smokers. This could explain why smokers have a lower risk of preeclampsia, which is a complication of pregnancy. Secretory component is an immune system protein.

Prevention, Pregnant women, Smokers, Preeclampsia

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