Protecting nuclear facilities from military attack: prospects after the Gulf War

Article Abstract:

The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and subsequent Gulf War revealed the doubts of several countries about the effectiveness of the International Atomic Energy Agency's (IAEA) nuclear safety standards under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The US attacked the nuclear reactor at Tuwaitha, which was not being used for the development of nuclear weapons but scientific research, although the facility had been developed under IAEA guidelines. If the IAEA safeguards and the treaty are to remain effective, they will have to be strengthened to regain international confidence.

Standards, Nuclear nonproliferation, International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear facilities

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The Protocol on "Blinding Laser Weapons": a new direction for international humanitarian law

Article Abstract:

The 1995 Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons represents a step forward in international law in its recognition of the post-war social costs of certain types of weapons. The Protocol is supported by countries who recognize the potential long-term economic and social problems caused by widespread blinding of combatants. These concerns about the unnecessary suffering caused by blinding weapons led to the adoption of the Protocol as a matter of international humanitarian law.

Weapons, Lasers, Warfare, Conventional, Conventional warfare, Military lasers

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Lincoln, Lieber and the the laws of war: the origins and limits of the principle of military necessity

Article Abstract:

The application of the original meaning to the principle of military necessity will limit the destructiveness of modern warfare. Military necessity was adopted as a general legal policy meant to place rational guidelines on a state's conduct during warfare. Currently, military necessity policy is used as a justification for extreme violence against an enemy.

United States, Beliefs, opinions and attitudes, Human rights, War (International law), Military necessity

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