The new EC merger regulation-The more things change the more they stay the same?

Article Abstract:

The historical development of the merger control mechanism in the European Commission (EC) from the initial treatment of the mergers under the EC Treaty's competition law provisions to the treatment of mergers according to the new substantive test under Regulation 139/2004, with a focus on horizontal mergers, are examined. Findings reveal there are striking similarities between the old Commission approach to horizontal mergers and the new approach under Horizontal Guidelines and the Irish Merger Guidelines.

Government expenditures, Competition (Economics), Acquisitions and mergers, Economic policy, European Union. European Commission

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Payments and financial security - An overview

Article Abstract:

The use of various payment and financial security arrangement, which involve two or more legal systems, related to financial transactions like sales contract, contract of services or a loan arrangement is surveyed. The results reveal that though international trade continues to expand, there seems to be a relative decline in the use of letters of credit as payments in export/import transactions.

Methods, Payment, Clauses (Law), Contract clauses, Sales contracts

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