The Harmonized System and rules of origin

Article Abstract:

The Customs Co-operation Council is attempting to put forth a consistent set of criteria regarding the rules of origin applied to imports. This new approach is called the Harmonized System. Rules of origin are debatable when a product does not wholly originate in one country but is instead assembled in various countries. The Harmonized System proposed by the Council attempts to combat such confusion by determining the essential character of a product. This concept entails determining whether or not a product shipped in its unassembled form is an essentially different product from that which is assembled.

Standards, Tariffs, Customs Co-operation Council

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Rules of origin for goods and services: conceptual issues and economic considerations

Article Abstract:

Rules of origin have been used to increase tariffs and discriminate against certain imports. However, the same rules are being used by intermediate producers of goods and services to protect their stake in the manufacturing process. Regional trading blocks often lower tariffs to member countries, but as they do so the rules of origin become increasingly strict. This pressure could lead to the elimination of an efficient, non-member third-party supplier as a member intermediary secures its position. The rules of origin for services are not as strict as those for tangible products.

Services industry, Service industries, International trade regulation

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Measuring the international contestability of markets: a conceptual approach

Article Abstract:

The international community agrees that contestability should be a major goal of future international policy negotiations. A measure of the contestability of the market provides a significant criterion of market openness. It should be noted that contestability is a matter of degree and can be considered the invisible presence of competition. In addition, no single measure of contestability exists that can fully reflect the essence of the concept.

Research, Competition (Economics), International aspects

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