Environmental certification of forests: The evolution of environmental governance in a commodity network

Article Abstract:

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) influence social and environmental aspects of commodity production through certification schemes like organic and forest certification. By utilizing the concept of governance in global commodity networks, the mainstreaming of forest certification is examined, indicating that the dominance of big retailers in commodity networks provide an attractive route to rapidly mainstream certification schemes, but also limits their reach and compromises their equity.

Government regulation, Land, mineral, wildlife conservation, Nature Parks and Other Similar Institutions, Forests & Parks, Environmental aspects, Forests and forestry, Forests, Licensing, certification and accreditation, Non-governmental organizations, Nongovernmental organizations

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'Counterurbanization', interaction and functional change in rural amenity area - a Canadian example

Article Abstract:

A case study of the South Georgia Bay area north of Toronto, Canada reveals population changes due to desirable amenities, the construction of retirement condominiums, and easy access to major cities via telecommunications. Explanations for counterurbanization in Canada, the United States, the British Isles and Australia are discussed, such as the perception of rurality, national and regional policies on housing and transportation, and economic and demographic conditions.

United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Statistical Data Included, Research, Population geography, Rural areas, Urban-rural migration, Urban rural migration

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Making sense of counterurbanization

Article Abstract:

The term 'counterurbanization' is examined in the context of non-metropolitan population growth and redistribution of population within the settlement system. A framework is provided for integrating the three new concepts proposed to describe the redistribution of population: counterurban, counterurbanizing and counterurbanizaion.

Analysis, Evaluation, Rural-urban migration, Rural urban migration, Demographic surveys, Human settlements

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