Feminist consciousness in woman-centered Hindi films

Article Abstract:

A survey of numerous Hindi films made between 1975 and 1990 reveals that, with a few exceptions, the Hindi film industry adheres to the ideals of chaste and submissive womanhood. A biased depiction of violence towards women is also apparent as generally lower class women are portrayed as suffering physical violence and exploitation. Upper class women are more often shown to be victimized psychologically. Hindi films are largely pessimistic on the issue of freedom and equality of women, as aspiring women are eventually shown to surrender to their husbands.

Evaluation, India, Motion picture industry, Movie industry, Criticism and interpretation, Popular culture, Motion pictures, Indian, Indian movies

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Packaging woman: the concurrent rise of beauty pageants, public bathing, and other performances of female "nudity."

Article Abstract:

Censorship of women's bathing attire at beaches, of theater performances and beauty pageants in the 1920s reflected social changes regarding gender. The issue of public nudity was debated amongst feminists. The younger generation saw it as a way of expressing their new-found emancipation, whereas older feminists opposed this view. An increased interest in physical fitness was also a reason for exposure of the body, leading to harsh restrictions. The view that public nudity was a sign of a woman's freedom resulted in exploitation of women.

Social aspects, Beliefs, opinions and attitudes, Feminists, Nudity

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