Two sources are better than one: the effects of ignoring one message on using a different message from the same source

Article Abstract:

The effects of ignoring an invalid message on using a different but valid message from the same source were examined. This is done by comparing the success of discounting when the source of the message to be ignored also provides information that is to be used in a situation in which both types of messages come from different sources. Results showed that when both messages are provided by the same source, the tendency of receivers is to undermine the effect of the valid message when trying to ignore invalid messages. This, however, does not occur when both messages are from different sources. The mechanisms that lead to this effect are discussed.

Communication, Communications, Interpersonal relations, Social interaction

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Dealing with deceptions that are difficult to detect: encoding and judgment as a function of preparing to receive invalid information

Article Abstract:

Four experiments conducted to explore how receivers cope in situations of unfocused suspicion show that suspicious individuals indulge in greater elaborations on the messages received than unsuspicious individuals. Results also show that suspicious individuals entertain multiple interpretations of the messages to cope with the invalid information. However, the unsuspicious individuals analyze messages within a single interpretive frame. The costs and benefits that such preparatory strategies may give rise to and its limiting conditions are discussed.

Psychological aspects, Analysis, Deception

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When warning succeeds: the effect of warning on success in ignoring invalid information

Article Abstract:

A study was conducted to determine if people can successfully discount invalid information if they are warned about it beforehand. Results showed that this can be only be achieved when the person is reminded of the warning at the time of information processing. The reminder served to delete the dissociation that occurred upon receiving information. These results indicate the importance of cues in the successful discounting of invalid data.

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