Regulatory reform in the European Community

Article Abstract:

The process of regulatory reform has changed in the European Community, which has achieved harmonization in all areas except for indirect taxation. The regulatory process prior to the early 1980s did not consider externalities across countries, and discriminatory regulation was common. Two important developments have occurred since 1985. Products sold in one member state must be allowed in all member states, and the regulatory process must be maintained at the lowest governmental level through the principle of subsidiarity.

Europe, Laws, regulations and rules, European Union, Industry regulations, Government regulation of business, Trade regulation, Single European market

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Education-finance reform and the distribution of education resources

Article Abstract:

An analysis of court-mandated education finance reform in 16 states showed that such court orders has decreased school spending inequalities by 19% to 30%. States responded to such education finance reform by increasing spending on poor school districts by an average of 11%, 8% in middle-income districts and almost zero increases in wealthier districts. The increase state spending on education generated funds from increased taxes.The study supports the increasing clamor for an active role of the judiciary in social change.

Administration of Education Programs, Education Programs, Cases, Finance, Education policy, Political aspects, Education, Local finance, School districts

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How effective is green regulatory threat?

Article Abstract:

A theory suggesting a measure of environmental exposure that combines a firm's composition and toxicity of emissions, it's size and pollution intensity, and it's location determining the size of the population at risk, is presented. The results from emission-level regressions suggest the possibility that regulatory threat may be present, but that the identification assumption may be incorrect and it is found that green regulatory threat is not very effective in reducing emissions.

United States, Product standards, safety, & recalls, Standards, Analysis, Environmental law, Emissions (Pollution), Automotive emissions

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