What IVHS should accomplish

Article Abstract:

IVHS makes transportation safer and more efficient by using electronic communications for automated route guidance, toll collection, hazard warnings, fleet dispatch, commercial services directory, avoiding collisions, and automated driving with full-time automated control. Europe already has an infrastructure to develop IVHS, the Dedicated Road Infrastructure for Vehicle Safety in Europe. Japan has two major projects: the Advanced Mobile Traffic Information and Communications Systems and Road/Automobile Communication System. A new Federal advisory committee has been established in the US, IVHS America. Its mission is to provide advice and recommendations to the US Dept of Transportation. The four main areas of IVHS in the US are: advanced traffic management systems; advanced traveler information systems; commercial vehicle operations systems; and advanced vehicle control systems. The total IVHS investment is projected to be $35 billion for research and development, field tests, and implementation for 1991 through 2010.

Technological forecasting, Automobiles, Technology application, Transportation, Technology, United States. Department of Transportation, Control systems, Europe, Japan, National Government, Future of Computing, Highways

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Medical electronics

Article Abstract:

Significant 1991 events in biomedical electronics include Puritan-Bennet Corp's introduction of its PB3300 intra-arterial blood gas monitoring system, the first positron emission tomography (PET) scanner images of human brain activity when performing a simple recall task and a report that called for continuing government funding of research in artificial heart technology. The microprocessor-based PB3300 gas monitor uses a sensor consisting of three dye-tipped optical fibers in a bundle less than 1mm in diameter and a thermocouple. The PET scanner picked up positron emissions from altered water molecules that were injected into the bloodstreams of 18 volunteers and which travelled to areas of increased blood flow indicating significant brain cell activity. The Institute of Medicine's 'The Artificial Heart: Prototypes, Policies, and Patients' report says that the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute should continue artificial heart research beyond a 1993 funding cutoff.

Surgical appliances and supplies, Electromedical equipment, Aircraft parts and equipment, not elsewhere classified, Product information, Electronics, Medical research, Imaging systems, Image scanners, Biomedical engineering, Product Introduction, Government Agency, Government Funding, Test Equipment, Government aid, Imaging Technology, Image Scanner, Puritan-Bennett Corp.

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View from the top: responding to the business divisions' needs

Article Abstract:

Corporate research and development (R&D) strategies change in response to global competition in order to tie in closely with the market. A most common practice is to shorten the time to market, which involves teamwork within the corporate structure between the areas of applied research, product development, engineering, manufacturing, marketing and sales. There is concern that a market oriented R&D approach could result in the eventual disappearance of innovative ideas that result from basic research endeavors, which usually take about 15 years from start to breakthrough. Better technology is not always the technology that succeeds in the marketplace. Outside help is sought by many corporations in addition to internal R&D restructuring. Joint development ventures are sought with universities and by participation with consortia.

International trade, Product development, Product life cycle, Industrial productivity, Productivity, Companies, Cooperative Agreements

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