Sinusitis in children

Article Abstract:

Children get colds six to eight times a year on average, and five to ten percent of colds may involve the sinuses. Sinusitis - sinus infection - should be suspected if symptoms of a cold last more than 10 days or if the symptoms are unusually severe. Sinusitis can be diagnosed by transillumination, X-ray imaging or by analysing aspirated nasal discharges for the presence of bacteria. The bacteria most commonly found associated with sinusitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Amoxicillin is the preferred antibiotic to treat sinusitis, but other agents may be necessary, since some strains of bacteria may be resistant to amoxicillin. In fact, 40% to 45% of sinusitis cases will resolve spontaneously. Surgery to enlarge the openings through which the sinuses drain may be effective in preventing further infections.

Evaluation, Sinusitis in children

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Coccidioidomycosis

Article Abstract:

The incidence of coccidioidomycosis has increased due to the spread of HIV infection. Coccidioidomycosis is an infection caused by the fungus Coccidioides immitis. The infection is acquired by inhaling fungal spores and is usually restricted to the lungs. The infection is not contagious. In many people it produces symptoms similar to the common cold and clears without any specific treatment. However, people with weakened immune systems may experience a more severe infection that spreads to other organs. The infection can be diagnosed by culture, blood antibody tests and skin tests. Effective antifungal drugs include amphotericin B, ketoconazole, itraconazole and fluconazole. Surgery on the lungs may be necessary in patients who have severe infection. Research on an effective vaccine is underway.

Coccidioidomycosis

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Fungal sinusitis

Article Abstract:

Fungal sinusitis should be suspected in patients who have chronic sinusitis, especially if they have immune deficiency or do not respond to antibiotics. Fungal sinusitis can be diagnosed by X-rays of the sinuses and microscopic examination of mucus for the presence of fungal hyphae. Stains to detect bacteria in tissue samples may not be effective for fungi and it may be necessary to culture the samples to see if they grow fungi. Treatment consists of surgery and antifungal drugs, although specific fungi may not respond to specific drugs. Amphotericin B is the standard treatment, but newer drugs are being developed.

Sinusitis

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