Spatial variations in U.S. unemployment

Article Abstract:

Interstate unemployment rate differentials are large, tend to persist, and have not converged in recent times. The interstate differential in the natural rate of unemployment seems partially explained by several factors related to labor costs, including wage rates and such institutional factors as unionization, welfare, and probably tax policy. Differential welfare incidence may explain the black-white unemployment differential. Variations in intertemporal fluctuations in unemployment across states seem related to institutionalized wage rigidity caused by such factors as unions and welfare. For still unexplained reasons, unemployment tends to be higher in the West, deep South, and the industrial Midwest. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

Research, United States economic conditions, Unemployment, Interstate relations

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The employment effects of social security tax changes and minimum wage regulations: a case study of the American restaurant industry

Article Abstract:

Several recent changes in public policy in the United States have significantly affected labor market conditions in the restaurant industry. First, at the close of 1987, Congress passed legislation requiring employers to pay, for the first time, Social Security taxes (hereinafter FICA) on the tip incomes of restaurant employees. Second, after a long hiatus, there were two successive increases in the federal minimum wage law - one on April 1, 1990, and the second exactly one year later. This study attempts to measure the employment effects of these policy changes and, in the process, to illuminate how seemingly minor changes in public policy may have very substantial effects on markets. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

Eating places, Admin. of social & manpower programs, Taxation, Restaurant industry, Wages, Minimum wage, Social security

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Labor laws: then and now

Article Abstract:

Our thesis is that the statutes governing labor market behavior were passed in a vastly different economic and institutional environment from that which prevails today. The underlying assumptions used to justify those laws are for the most part unrealistic in today's altered economic climate. The problems of the 1930s or the 1960s are not the problems of the 1990s, and the solutions have changed as well. We show this by exploring four areas of labor law: collective bargaining, wages and hours, income security, and civil rights. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

Regulation, Licensing, and Inspection of Miscellaneous Commercial Sectors, Labor Regulation & Services, United States, History, Economic policy, Labor law, Labor market, Labor policy

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