Castro's Cuba and the U.S. Helms-Burton Act: an interpretation of the GATT Security Exemption

Article Abstract:

The textual and historical methods of interpreting international laws explain the legality of the US Helms-Burton Act to deprive non-US companies and investors dealing with Cuba any access to US properties. The textual method is based on the context that the provision of the law in contest clearly defines the intention of each party, while the historical method supplements clarification of the involved parties' intention under Article 32 of the Vienna Convention. It is in the light of these interpretations that the European community worked for the suspension of the US Helms-Burton Act citing inappropriateness over the security exemptions claimed by the US under GATT Article XXI.

Trade Bans & Embargos, United States, Analysis, International aspects, International relations, United States foreign relations, Cuban foreign relations, Cuba, Sanctions (International law), International law, Embargoes

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The Wassenaar - arrangement between international trade, non-proliferation, and export controls

Article Abstract:

A new legal regime on export controls relating to international cooperation was established in Wassenaar, Netherlands, in Jul 1996. Called the Wassenaar-Arrangement, the regime must be evaluated within the context of other international nuclear non-proliferation efforts that are the basis for many export controls, such as the Treaty o the on-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Missile Technology Control Regime.

Export Controls, Laws, regulations and rules, Treaties, International trade regulation

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Constructing the new international financial architecture: what role for the International Monetary Fund?

Article Abstract:

Issues concerning the economic policies being employed by different countries to promote international trade and influence on such policies from the International Monetary Fund are discussed.

Economic aspects, International Monetary Fund, Economic policy, International financial institutions

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