Policy in style

Article Abstract:

Policy styles arise from interactions between organizations and individuals, and are not determined by institutions, national policy or the type of policies involved. The bottom-up process has had a major impact on the Dutch style in relation to environmental licensing and the enforcement of the system. Regulations were initially ineffective since environmental issues were not initially taken seriously. Standards were eventually developed by environmental officers, and differences in the ways that standards were used then emerged. Some officers have tended to take a pragmatic approcah, and others have placed more emphasis on technical issues.

Social aspects, Netherlands

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The uncertain state of American environmentalism

Article Abstract:

Three books explore the uncertain status of US environmentalism as the millennium draws to an end. While Willett Kempton's 'Environmental Values in American Culture' analyzes US commitment to the environment, Mark Dowie in 'Losing Ground: American Environmentalism at the Close of the Twentieth Century' focuses on the market orientation of environmental issues. Susan Rose-Ackerman's 'Controlling Environmental Policy: The limits of Public Law in Germany and the United States' analyzes the politicization of the green movement and offers comparative trends in German and US environmental policy.

United States, Criticism and interpretation, Environmental movement, Environmentalism, Bibliography, Kempton, Willett, Dowie, Mark, Rose-Ackerman, Susan

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