Reflections on the development of male chauvinism

Article Abstract:

The widespread devaluation of women by both men and women is probably a response to the overwhelming power of the mother during early childhood. Devaluation is a defensive denial of envy. Men also attribute to women powers to express emotions and to validate their masculinity. These are powers that men need to develop in themselves. In addition, many roles assigned to women stem from competition among men, including roles as mediators, as symbols of success and as an underclass. Therefore, developing better relationships between men and women will also involve improving relationships among men.

Sex role, Sex roles, Misogyny

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The third step: Freud, the feminists, and postmodernism

Article Abstract:

Gender stereotyping presents problems in psychotherapy, and calls for a Third Step. The First Step was Freud's view of women as castrated, inferior beings. The Second Step was Karen Horney's criticism of Freud's penis envy theory and her assertions that women's difficulties have been rooted in economic and political inequities rather than in a biological organ. The Third Step promotes the theory that gender identity is ambiguous and conflicted. Women and men differ among themselves and within themselves. The stereotypes do not allow for the real ambiguity that exists.

Sex (Psychology), Sexuality, Feminism, Postmodernism

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Are we still 'prisoners of gender'?: an overview of current psychoanalytic theories on women

Article Abstract:

This article presents an overview of current psychoanalytic theories on female psychology. In contrast to early psychoanalytic views based on Freud's characterization of women as inferior and dependent, contemporary theories focus on issues including gender identity, female autonomy, motherhood, and moral development.

United States, Research, Women, Beliefs, opinions and attitudes, Motherhood, Autonomy (Psychology), Moral development, Freud, Sigmund

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