Urine screening practices in methadone maintenance clinics: a survey of how the results are used

Article Abstract:

Methadone maintenance is an effective treatment for heroin addiction, but there is still a high incidence of illicit drug use among methadone maintenance clients. Urine testing is the only objective way of assessing the prevalence of this drug use, but the screening policy varies among the individual programs. A nationwide survey of urine testing techniques used in methadone maintenance programs was conducted via questionnaire. Questions regarding frequency of collection, drugs tested for, laboratory techniques, and costs were included. In all, 324 programs responded with usable questionnaires, and it was found that 40.1 percent of programs collected urine samples monthly and 32 percent collected them weekly. The samples were unobserved (that is, the client was responsible for assuring that the urine was his or hers) in 6.3 percent of the clinics. Nearly all tested for methadone, opiates, and cocaine, and fewer tested for amphetamines, barbiturates, and codeine. Only 29.1 percent tested for marijuana. Clinics in the midwest and south were most likely to test for marijuana. In response to urine samples containing illicit drugs, nearly all clinics provide counseling and require clients to come to the clinic for methadone rather than allowing them to take it home. Interventions varied with clinic size, region, and funding. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Methods, Analysis, Laws, regulations and rules, Testing, Drug addicts, Drug abusers, Methadone maintenance, Drug treatment centers, Urine, Urinalysis

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Moving beyond words

Article Abstract:

An analysis was conducted on criticisms concerning Ilan Golani's work on animal behavior. Golani's work were perceived to be laborious, his Eshkol-Wachman descriptions trivial and the method deemed to deny the qualities and meaning of movement. The analysis showed that despite the fact that some of the criticisms have basis, Golani's work has bearing in the study of animal behavior. It is suggested that Golani's concept provides the necessary emphasis on structure as a basis for movement.

Animal behavior

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Beyond task and maintenance: defining external functions in groups

Article Abstract:

External group dependence was studied using interview and log information from 15 team members and 38 new product team managers. Activities used by group members to manage external transactions include scouting and guard activities, as well as engaging in immigrant, captive, and emigrant roles. High team performance is hypothesized to be associated with a fit between the degree of resource dependence and boundary activity.

Statistics, Work groups, Teamwork (Workplace), Communication, Communications, Characters of groups, Group characters

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