Victimological developments in the world during the past three decades (I): a study of comparative victimology

Article Abstract:

This article examines the victimization of women, foreigners, children, and the elderly. The authors, focusing on the causes of hate crimes, argue that social structural, cultural, and institutional victimization constitute the foundation of hate crimes, such as the marginalization of a population, which then turns them into victims.

Women, Causes of, Children, Immigrants, Hate crimes

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Victimological developments in the world during the past three decades: a study of comparative victimology, part 2

Article Abstract:

This article examines three decades of international research on victims of crimes, focusing on what causes victimization and its risk factors. The negative social and psychological effects of victimization is highlighted.

Criminology

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Violence in the institution

Article Abstract:

Violence within an institution can have causes which are sociological, victim-oriented and institutional. If an institution is isolated from society, this is also relevant. The institutional cause of violence is frustration at unequally distributed power. The victim-oriented cause stems from feelings due to learned helplessness. Violence in prisons, schools and homes for the aged as well as ways of institutional governance which may avert violence are discussed.

Prevention, School violence, Prison violence

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