Counterfactuals, causal attributions, and the hindsight bias: a conceptual integration

Article Abstract:

Three experiments conducted to provide a theoretical basis for a tripartite linkage between counterfactuals, causal attributions, and the hindsight bias show that counterfactual thoughts strengthen hindsight bias. The effect of counterfactuals on causal inferences account for its heightening of hindsight bias. Post outcome elaboration of the causal linkage between an antecedent and an outcome is essential for hindsight bias. Causal inferences mediate the facilitative effect of counterfactual thinking on hindsight bias.

Perception, Perception (Psychology), Attitudes, Counterfactuals (Logic), Attitude (Psychology)

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Coping with disappointing outcomes: Retroactive pessimism and motivated inhibition of counterfactuals

Article Abstract:

Having failed to achieve a desired goal, people may use retroactive pessimism as a defense mechanism, concluding that chances of success were not too good to begin with. Facing a bitter disappointment, the perceiver is highly motivated to inhibit upward counterfactuals, thus increasing the perceived inevitability of failure and finding solace in the acceptance of inescapable fate.

Israel, Psychological aspects, Inhibition, Inhibition (Psychology), Pessimism, Regret

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Regulatory focus and temporal distance

Article Abstract:

A temporal component to regulatory focus is identified and examined. Integration across research domains is suggested with the help of findings that links regulatory focus to temporal perspective of both prospective and retrospective judgments.

United States, Evaluation, Motivation (Psychology), Temporal integration

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